Fragility and Recovery Models for Energy, Water, and Wastewater Systems for Seismic Regional Risk and Resilience Assessment: State-of-the-Art Review and Database

Fragility functions and recovery models are often used to assess lifeline systems subjected to extreme hazards. However, even though many databases for fragility and recovery models exist for essential buildings and transportation systems, fragility and recovery models for other lifelines are fragmented across the literature. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art seismic fragility functions and recovery models for energy (power, liquid fuel, and gas), water, and wastewater systems that can be applied in hazard risk and resiliency assessments of communities. The review focuses on fragility and recovery model parameters and summarizes the methods and validation used in developing the models. In addition, the reviewed fragility functions are compiled in an open-source database with a graphical user interface. Critical gaps in the literature are discussed to guide future research endeavors.