Polymorphism analysis of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes in soybean

Background Soybean is an important protein- and oil-rich crop throughout the world. Much attention has been paid to its nuclear genome, which is bi-parentally inherited and associated with many important agronomical traits. However, less is known about the genomes of the semi-autonomous and essential organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria, of soybean.Results Here, through analyzing the polymorphisms of these organelles in 2580 soybean accessions including 107 wild soybeans, we found that the chloroplast genome is more variable than the mitochondrial genome in terms of variant density. Consistent with this, more haplotypes were found in the chloroplast genome (44 haplotypes) than the mitochondrial genome (30 haplotypes). These haplotypes were distributed extremely unevenly with the top two haplotypes (CT1 and CT2 for chloroplasts, MT1 and MT2 for mitochondria) accounting for nearly 70 and 18% of cultivated soybean accessions. Wild soybeans also exhibited more diversity in organelle genomes, harboring 32 chloroplast haplotypes and 19 mitochondrial haplotypes. However, only a small percentage of cultivated soybeans shared cytoplasm with wild soybeans. In particular, the two most frequent types of cytoplasm (CT1/MT1, CT2/MT2) were missing in wild soybeans, indicating that wild soybean cytoplasm has been poorly exploited during breeding. Consistent with the hypothesis that soybean originated in China, we found that China harbors the highest cytoplasmic diversity in the world. The geographical distributions of CT1-CT3 and MT1-MT3 in Northeast China were not significantly different from those in Middle and South China. Two mitochondrial polymorphism sites, p.457333 (T > C) and p.457550 (G > A), were found to be heterozygous in most soybeans, and heterozygosity appeared to be associated with the domestication of cultivated soybeans from wild soybeans, the improvement of landraces to generate elite cultivated soybeans, and the geographic adaptation of soybean.Conclusions The haplotypes of thousands of soybean cultivars should be helpful in evaluating the impact of cytoplasm on soybean performance and in breeding cultivars with the desired cytoplasm. Mitochondrial heterozygosity might be related to soybean adaptation, and this hypothesis needs to be further investigated.