3D-printed PCL/β-TCP/CS composite artificial bone and histocompatibility study

Background Tissue-engineered bone materials are an effective tool to repair bone defects. In this study, a novel biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL)/beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP)/calcium sulfate (CS) composite scaffold was prepared by using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology.MethodsScanning electron microscopy, gas expansion displacement, and contact goniometry were used to examine the 3D-printed PCL/beta-TCP/CS composite scaffolds. The results showed that the PCL/beta-TCP/CS scaffolds possessed controllable porosity, hydrophobicity, biodegradability, and suitable apatite mineralization ability. To confirm the bone regenerative properties of the fabricated composite scaffolds, scaffold extracts were prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxicity to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and their ability to induce and osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs.Results The PCL/beta-TCP/CS composite scaffolds induced a higher level of differentiation of BMSCs than the PCL scaffolds, which occurred through the expression of bone metastasis-related genes. The New Zealand white rabbit radial defect experiment further demonstrated that PCL/beta-TCP/CS scaffolds could promote bone regeneration.Conclusions In summary, the 3D-printed PCL/beta-TCP/CS composite porous artificial bone has good cytocompatibility, osteoinductivity, and histocompatibility, which make it an ideal bone material for tissue engineering.