Recent advancement of electrically rechargeable alkaline Metal-Air batteries for future mobility

A popular recommendation for next-generation electrochemical energy storage applications such as electric vehicles or grid energy storage are metal-air batteries, which theoretically offer an energy density that is substantially higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. The difficulties with the metal anode, air cathode, and electrolyte have prevented them from reaching their full potential. Before metal-air batteries can become a realistic reality and be widely used, these issues must be appropriately addressed. Moreover, automotive emissions are one of the biggest contributors to global emissions. Hence, battery electric vehicles that run entirely on electricity, mainly from renewable energy sources, are the panacea for the challenges we are currently facing to mitigate global climate change caused by the combustion of conventional fuel. A further critical challenge is the material shortage and their cost for cutting-edge lithium-ion batteries. This paper discusses recent developments and issues in alkaline metal air batteries, including anode, air cathode, and e electrolyte. It also explains the fundamental principles and concepts of electrochemical reactions. Future research directions are discussed to ensure this promise can become a reality. The cycle capability, the range, the costs, the service life, the discharge as well as the charging rate have also been conferred.