Prevalence and associated factors for prehypertension and hypertension among Indonesian adolescents: a cross-sectional community survey

Objective To estimate the prevalence and determine the associated factors for developing prehypertension and hypertension among Indonesian adolescents. Design National cross-sectional study. Setting This study was conducted in all the provinces in Indonesia. Participants The population in this study were all household members in Basic Health Research 2013 aged 15-19 years. The sample was all members of the 2013 Riskesdas household aged 15-19 years with the criteria of not having physical and mental disabilities, and having complete data. The number of samples analysed was 2735, comprising men (n=1319) and women (n=1416). Main outcome Dependent variables were prehypertension and hypertension in adolescents based on blood pressure measurements. Results The results of the analysis showed that the prevalence of prehypertension in adolescents was 16.8% and hypertension was 2.6%. In all adolescents, the risk factors for prehypertension were boys (adjusted OR, aOR 1.48; 95%CI 1.10 to 1.97), 18 years old (aOR 14.64; 95%CI 9.39 to 22.80), and 19 years old (aOR 19.89; 95%CI 12.41 to 31.88), and obese (aOR 2.16; 95%CI 1.02 to 4.58). Risk factors for hypertension in all adolescents included the age of 18 years old (aOR 3.06; 95%CI 1.28 to 7.34) and 19 years (aOR 3.25; 95%CI 1.25 to 8.41) and obesity (aOR 5.69; 95%CI 2.20 to 14.8). In adolescent girls, the chance of developing prehypertension increased with increasing age and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Several risk factors for hypertension in adolescent boys were age, central obesity and LDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion This study shows that the trend of prehypertension in adolescents has appeared, besides hypertension. There are distinct patterns of factors that influence it in adolescent girls and boys, which can be useful to sharpen of planning and implementing health programmes.