Neural networks for predicting air gap membrane distillation performance

The hollow fiber air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) has recently attracted tremendous attention for desa-lination and wastewater treatment due to its high packing density, low conductive heat loss, and latent heat recovery capability. Utilizing fast and accurate modeling tools to predict MD performance can result in the further development of desalination technologies. However, simple and time-saving prediction models to assess the AGMD performance were not abundant. Herein, AGMD performance, including permeate flux (J) and gained output ratio (GOR) was predicted through multiple linear regression (MLR) model, back propagation neural network (BP ANN) and radial basis function neural network (RBF ANN) under different hot temperatures (Th), coolant temperatures (Tc), feed flow rates (F), and feed concentration (c). A total of 30 sets of data were used to train the proposed models, the other 10 external validation datasets not used for training the models were applied to validate the prediction accuracy. The results depicted that RBF ANN (SPREAD = 30, N = 30) showed greatest prediction performance (R-2 = 0.99-1) compared with BP ANN and MLR models (R-2 = 0.98-0.99; R-2 = 0.89-0.97). The computing time consumption of RBF ANN was higher than BP ANN. According to the Mean impact value (MIV) analysis, Th had the strongest effect on J and GOR. Increasing Th and decreasing c both had positive impacts on J and GOR, but increasing Tc or F resulted in a trade-off influence. A genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to optimize J and GOR simultaneously, the optimum J and GOR could reach 6.00 kg/m(2).h and 7.70 respectively. In this study, the three prediction models proved their abilities to predict AGMD performance and further provide guidance in the actual membrane distillation water treatment process.