Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline

Introduction: This guideline establishes clinical practice recommendations for the management of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in adults.Methods: The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) commissioned a task force of experts in sleep medicine to develop recommendations and assign strengths based on a systematic review of the literature and an assessment of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. The task force provided a summary of the relevant literature and the certainty of evidence, the balance of benefits and harms, patient values and preferences, and resource use considerations that support the recommendations. The AASM Board of Directors approved the final recommendations.Good Practice Statement: The following good practice statement is based on expert consensus, and its implementation is necessary for the appropriate and effective management of patients with RBD: It is critically important to help patients maintain a safe sleeping environment to prevent potentially injurious nocturnal behaviors. In particular, the removal of bedside weapons, or objects that could inflict injury if thrown or wielded against a bed partner, is of paramount importance. Sharp furniture like nightstands should be moved away or their edges and headboard should be padded. To reduce the risk of injurious falls, a soft carpet, rug, or mat should be placed next to the bed. Patients with severe, uncontrolled RBD should be recommended to sleep separately from their partners, or at the minimum, to place a pillow between themselves and their partners.Recommendations: The following recommendations, with medications listed in alphabetical order, are a guide for clinicians in choosing a specific treatment for RBD in adults. Each recommendation statement is assigned a strength ("strong" or "conditional"). A "strong" recommendation (ie, "We recommend ... ") is one that clinicians should follow under most circumstances. A "conditional" recommendation (ie, "We suggest ... ") is one that requires that the clinician use clinical knowledge and experience and strongly consider the patient's values and preferences to determine the best course of action.Adult patients with isolated RBD1. The AASM suggests that clinicians use clonazepam (vs no treatment) for the treatment of isolated RBD in adults. (CONDITIONAL)2. * The AASM suggests that clinicians use immediate-release melatonin (vs no treatment) for the treatment of isolated RBD in adults. (CONDITIONAL)3. * The AASM suggests that clinicians use pramipexole (vs no treatment) for the treatment of isolated RBD in adults. (CONDITIONAL)4. The AASM suggests that clinicians use transdermal rivastigmine (vs no treatment) for the treatment of isolated RBD in adults with mild cognitive impairment. (CONDITIONAL)Adult patients with secondary RBD due to medical condition5. * The AASM suggests that clinicians use clonazepam (vs no treatment) for the treatment of secondary RBD due to medical condition in adults. (CONDITIONAL)6. * The AASM suggests that clinicians use immediate-release melatonin (vs no treatment) for the treatment of secondary RBD due to medical condition in adults. (CONDITIONAL)7. The AASM suggests that clinicians use transdermal rivastigmine (vs no treatment) for the treatment of secondary RBD due to medical condition (Parkinson disease) in adults. (CONDITIONAL)8. * The AASM suggests that clinicians not use deep brain stimulation (DBS; vs no treatment) for the treatment of secondary RBD due to medical condition in adults. (CONDITIONAL)Adult patients with drug-induced RBD9. * The AASM suggests that clinicians use drug discontinuation (vs drug continuation) for the treatment of drug-induced RBD in adults. (CONDITIONAL)* The Recommendations section of this paper includes remarks that provide additional context to guide clinicians with implementation of this recommendation.