[1] Financial Intermediat Div, Econ & Res Dept, P-1100150 Lisbon, Portugal
[2] Catolica Lisbon Sch Business & Econ, Sci Area Finance & Accounting, P-1649023 Lisbon, Portugal
[3] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Accountancy Finance & Insurance, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
[4] Ctr Econ Policy Res, Programme Area Financial Econ, London EC1V 0DX, England
[5] Univ Zurich, Dept Banking & Finance, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
[6] Swiss Finance Inst, Campus Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
[7] Norges Tekn Nat Vitenskapelige Univ, Ctr Banking & Finance, Business Sch, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway