Survival implications of diversion entrainment for out-migrating juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead

ObjectiveEfforts to ameliorate the negative effects of diversion dams on aquatic species of concern are important in rivers where water withdrawal supports agricultural economies, and they are likely to become increasingly important with impending climate change. A multi-year study was conducted to evaluate the survival consequences of diversion dam passage for juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss in the highly managed Yakima River, Washington. Canal entrainment and passage were evaluated at four diversion dams in the lower Yakima River where seaward-migrating juvenile salmon and steelhead either pass dams via spill bays or enter canals with downstream fish-screening facilities designed to collect entrained fish and return them to the main-stem river.MethodsWe used acoustic telemetry to monitor the downstream migration behavior of 4403 juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead during 2018-2021.ResultPercent entrainment into canals was substantial (6-59%) at three of the four diversion dams studied, and entrainment probability was positively associated with the proportion of streamflow diverted into canals. Survival probability estimates for groups of tagged fish that were entrained into canals were lower than survival probability estimates for tagged fish that passed through spill bays on the dams. Absolute differences in survival probabilities between routes ranged from 0.099 to 0.369, demonstrating that canal entrainment reduced the survival of outmigrating juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead. We also found that entrainment resulted in migration delays, which could further affect survival because fish are increasingly exposed to predation and decreased water quality as water temperature increases throughout the migration season.ConclusionCanal entrainment resulted in increased mortality and travel time through the study area, highlighting the need to limit the entrainment of juvenile salmon and steelhead at diversion dams in rivers where salmon recovery is important. Rivers are often managed to benefit humans, but science can provide insights that can be used to reduce negative impacts on native aquatic species. In this study, we found that canal entrainment resulted in decreased survival of juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead, providing actionable information for improving diversion dam operations to aid salmon recovery efforts.Impact statement