RelB-activated GPX4 inhibits ferroptosis and confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer

Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance remains a major obstacle in the treatment of advanced breast cancer (BCa). In addition to the competitive inhibition of the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway, damping of mitochondrial function by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for enhancing TAM pharmacodynamics. Here, we showed that RelB contributes to TAM resistance by inhibiting TAM-provoked ferroptosis. TAM-induced ROS level promoted ferroptosis in TAM-sensitive cells, but the effect was alleviated in TAM-resistant cells with high constitutive levels of RelB. Mechanistically, RelB inhibited ferroptosis by transcriptional upregulating gluta-thione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Consequently, elevating RelB and GPX4 in sensitive cells increased TAM resistance, and conversely, depriving RelB and GPX4 in resistant cells decreased TAM resistance. Furthermore, suppression of RelB transcriptional activation resensitized TAM-resistant cells by enhancing ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. The inactivation of GPX4 in TAM-resistant cells consistently resensitized TAM by increasing ferroptosis-mediated cell death. Together, this study uncovered that inhibition of ferroptosis contributes to TAM resistance of BCa via RelB-upregulated GPX4.