Exploring the Potent Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Capparis Spinosa Oil Nanoemulgel

Natural remedies derived from plants have a long history of usage in the treatment of a wide variety of severe diseases. This study aims to develop a Capparis spinosa (C. spinosa) oil nanoemulgel and evaluate its antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. C. spinosa oil was developed into a nanoemulsion using a self-nanoemulsifying method with Span 80 and Tween 80 as emulsifying agents. Carbopol hydrogel was mixed with the nanoemulsion to form nanoemulgel. After this, we tested the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), rheology, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The nanoemulsion formulation that has a PDI of 0.159 and a particle size of 119.87 nm is considered to be the optimum formulation. The C. spinosa oil nanoemulgel gave results similar to its nanoemulsion, where it had a PDI lower than 0.2, droplet size below 200 nm, and zeta potential less than 35. Also, it had a pseudoplastic rheological behavior. The C. spinosa oil nanoemulgel showed a significant effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) (ATCC 13883) with zone inhibition diameters of 33 +/- 1.9 mm and 30 +/- 1.4 mm, respectively, as well as significant activities on the MCF-7, HepG2, and HeLa cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 194.98, 91.2, and 251.18 mu g/mL, respectively, which were better than those of the original oil. Regarding its anti-inflammatory effect, C. spinosa oil had a positive impact on both COX-1 and COX-2 but was more selective for COX-1. Consequently, simple nanotechnology techniques provide a promising step forward in the development of pharmacological dosage forms.