Clinically Occult Diffuse Pleural Mesothelioma in Patients Presenting With Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Objectives To report histologic features of unsuspected diffuse pleural mesothelioma (DPM) in surgical specimens for pneumothorax and demonstrate how ancillary markers support a diagnosis of malignancy in this context. We explored whether pneumothorax may be a clinical manifestation of mesothelioma in situ (MIS). Methods A single-institution database search identified patients who underwent surgical resection for spontaneous pneumothorax (n = 229) and/or were diagnosed with DPM (n = 88) from 2000 to 2020. Results Spontaneous pneumothorax without clinical, radiologic, or intraoperative suspicion of mesothelioma was the initial presentation in 2 (2.3%) of 88 patients diagnosed with DPM. This represented 0.9% (2/229) of all patients undergoing surgical management of pneumothorax but accounted for a larger proportion of older patients (12.5% older than 70 years). Immunohistochemistry for BAP-1 and/or MTAP confirmed the diagnosis of DPM in 2 cases. Mesothelioma in situ was identified retrospectively by immunohistochemistry in 1 case of spontaneous pneumothorax from a 77-year-old man who developed invasive DPM 25 months later. No additional cases of MIS were identified in 19 surgical lung resections for spontaneous pneumothorax. Conclusions Histologic examination of bleb resections with ancillary testing for cases with ambiguous features is essential for detection of early DPM. It is uncertain whether spontaneous pneumothorax may represent a clinical manifestation of MIS.