Genome- and transcriptome-wide characterization of ZIP gene family reveals their potential role in radish (Raphanus sativus) response to heavy metal stresses

Radish is an important root vegetable crop susceptible to heavy metal (HM) stresses. Zinc-and iron-regulated transporter-like proteins play vital roles in transporting metal ion to enhance HM tolerance or decrease detoxification in plants. In this study, 27 out of 28 RsZIP genes were unevenly located on eight chromosomes with exception of chromosome 3 (Chr.3). The evolutionary pattern divided the whole RsZIP proteins into 18 sub-groups. Furthermore, four tandem and six WGD/segmental duplication events were identified, while 24 pairs containing 16 RsZIP and 13 AtZIP genes were orthologous. Moreover, the expression levels of 17 RsZIP genes including RsZIP10b,c and RsIRT1a,b were significantly decreased under 200 mg/L CdCl2 and 1000 mg/L Pb (NO3)2 treatment. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that four RsZIP genes (RsIRT1d, RsIRT1e, RsIAR1 and RsZIP10d) were rapidly induced at 2 h under Pb and Cd treatment, while both RsZIP1 and RsZIP10b were downregulated. The results of yeast functional complementation indicated that RsIRT1d and RsIRT1e confer yeast Pb but no Cd tolerance, suggesting that they might play an important role in the transport of metal ions. These results could provide valuable insights into the characteristics of ZIP family genes and facilitate further exploring the molecular mechanism underlying HM stress responses in radish and other root vegetable crops.