What is capitalism? Toward a working definition

被引:1
|
作者
Harris, Neal [1 ,3 ]
Delanty, Gerard [2 ]
机构
[1] Oxford Brookes Univ, Sociol, Oxford, England
[2] Univ Sussex, Sociol & Social & Polit Thought, Brighton, England
[3] Oxford Brookes Univ, Sch Law & Social Sci, Oxford OX3 0BP, England
关键词
capitalism; growth; Marx; normative reconstruction; profit; surplus value; varieties of capitalism; capitalisme; croissance; formes de capitalisme; plus-value; reconstruction normative; NORMATIVE RECONSTRUCTION;
D O I
10.1177/05390184231203878
中图分类号
G25 [图书馆学、图书馆事业]; G35 [情报学、情报工作];
学科分类号
1205 ; 120501 ;
摘要
Since the 2007-2008 financial crisis, capitalism has returned as a major concept within the social sciences. While this has led to important interventions, there is yet to be a widely accepted definition of the concept. Such a definition matters, both for assessing the merits of recent scholarship but also because attempts at thinking 'beyond capitalism' require an understanding of what one is trying to overcome. For it to be of use, we need a definition of capitalism that serves to encompass its varieties yet circumscribed enough to remain meaningful. In this article, we review existing definitions of capitalism and offer our own approach, in the form of a Weberian ideal-typical definition of capitalism. Our approach is to view capitalism as being based on an economic logic consisting of seven elements: (1) free enterprise and the competitive market, (2) the pursuit of profit and its private appropriation, (3) wage labor and the production of commodities, (4) property rights, (5) the financial infrastructure of money and investment that makes possible credit and debt, (6) a highly variable degree of state regulation, and (7) a propensity for growth as the productive re-investment of profit. The economic logic of capitalism interacts with other institutional orders of society to produce the overall shape of capitalism. We argue that this approach can meaningfully help researchers consider the extent to which a given society is capitalist, based on how closely it approximates the ideal-typical definition we have provided. Depuis la crise financiere de 2007-2008, le capitalisme est redevenu un concept majeur des sciences sociales. Bien que cela ait donne lieu a des interventions importantes, il n'existe pas encore de definition largement acceptee de ce concept. Il est important de disposer d'une telle definition, a la fois pour evaluer les merites des travaux recents, mais aussi parce que les tentatives de penser << au-dela du capitalisme >> necessitent une comprehension de ce que l'on essaie de surmonter. Pour qu'elle soit utile, nous avons besoin d'une definition du capitalisme qui permette d'englober ses differentes facettes, tout en etant suffisamment circonscrite pour rester pertinente. Dans ce document, nous passons en revue les definitions existantes du capitalisme et proposons notre propre approche, sous la forme d'une definition ideale-typique weberienne du capitalisme. Notre approche consiste a considerer que le capitalisme repose sur une logique economique composee de sept elements: (1) la libre entreprise et le marche concurrentiel, (2) la recherche du profit et son appropriation privee, (3) le travail salarie et la production de marchandises, (4) les droits de propriete, (5) l'infrastructure financiere de l'argent et de l'investissement qui rend possible le credit et la dette, (6) un degre tres variable de regulation etatique et (7) une propension a la croissance en tant que reinvestissement productif du profit. La logique economique du capitalisme interagit avec d'autres ordres institutionnels de la societe pour produire la forme generale du capitalisme. Nous soutenons que cette approche peut aider les chercheurs a determiner dans quelle mesure une societe donnee est capitaliste, en fonction de sa proximite avec la definition ideale-typique que nous avons fournie.
引用
收藏
页码:323 / 344
页数:22
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