Endoscopic Approaches to the Paramedian Skull Base: An Anatomic Comparison of Contralateral Endonasal and Transmaxillary Strategies

BACKGROUND:The expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is limited laterally by the internal carotid artery (ICA). The EEA to the paramedian skull base often requires complex maneuvers such as dissection of the Eustachian tube (ET) and foramen lacerum (FL), and ICA manipulation. An endoscopic contralateral transmaxillary approach (CTMA) has the potential to provide adequate exposure of the paramedian skull base while bypassing manipulation of the aforementioned anatomic structures.OBJECTIVE:To quantify and compare the surgical nuances of a CTMA and a contralateral EEA when approaching the paramedian skull base in cadaveric specimens.METHODS:Five adult cadaveric heads were dissected bilaterally (10 sides) using a contralateral EEA and a CTMA to expose targets of interest at the paramedian skull base. For each target in both approaches, the surgical freedom, angle of attack, the corridor's "perspective angle," and "turning angle" to circumvent the ICA, ET, and FL were obtained.RESULTS:The CTMA achieved superior surgical freedom at all targets (P < .05) except at the root entry point of cranial nerve XII. The CTMA provided superior vertical and horizontal angles of "attack" to the majority of targets of interest. Except when approaching the root entry point of cranial nerve XII, the CTMA "turning angle" around the ICA, ET, and FL were wider with CTMA for all targets.CONCLUSION:A CTMA complements the EEA to access the paramedian skull base. A CTMA may limit the need for complex maneuvers such as ICA mobilization and dissection of the ET and FL when approaching the paramedian skull base.