Open-source intelligence: a comprehensive review of the current state, applications and future perspectives in cyber security

The volume of data generated by today's digitally connected world is enormous, and a significant portion of it is publicly available. These data sources are web archives, public databases, and social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Emails, Telegrams, etc. Open-source intelligence (OSINT) extracts information from a collection of publicly available and accessible data. OSINT can provide a solution to the challenges in extracting and gathering intelligence from various publicly available information and social networks. OSINT is currently expanding at an incredible rate, bringing new artificial intelligence-based approaches to address issues of national security, political campaign, the cyber industry, criminal profiling, and society, as well as cyber threats and crimes. In this paper, we have described the current state of OSINT tools/techniques and the state of the art for various applications of OSINT in cyber security. In addition, we have discussed the challenges and future directions to develop autonomous models. These models can provide solutions for different social network-based security, digital forensics, and cyber crime-based problems using various machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) with OSINT.