Fruit peel-based mesoporous activated carbon via microwave assisted K2CO3 activation: Box Behnken design and desirability function for methylene blue dye adsorption

A low-cost fruit waste namely watermelon peel (WMP) was utilized as a promising precursor for the preparation of mesoporous activated carbon (WMP-AC) via microwave assisted-K2CO3 activation. The WMP-AC was applied as an adsorbent for methylene blue dye (MB) removal. Several types of characterizations, such as specific surface area (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Elemental Analysis (CHNS/O), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to identify the physicochemical properties of WMP-AC. Furthermore, Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize the influence of the adsorption operational variables (contact time, adsorbent dose, working temperature, and solution pH) on MB dye adsorption. Thus, based on significant interactions, the optimum BBD output shows the best removal of 50 mg center dot L-1 MB (92%) was recorded at an adsorbent dose of 0.056 g, contact time of 4.4 min, working temperature of 39 degrees C, and solution pH 8.4. The Langmuir uptake capacity of WMP-AC was found to be 312.8 mg center dot g(-1), with the best fitness to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and an endothermic adsorption process. The adsorption mechanisms of MB by WMP-AC can be assigned to the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and pi-pi stacking. The findings of this study indicate that WMP is a promising precursor for producing porous activated carbon for MB dye removal. Novelty Statement The novelty of this research work comes from the conversion of the domestic fruit waste namely watermelon peels into mesoporous activated carbon by the fast and convenient activation method of microwave-assisted chemical activation. The produced activated carbon was applied for the removal of a toxic organic dye. Furthermore, the statistical optimization by using response surface methodology was applied to optimize the adsorption key parameters.