Effect of electrokinetic process on in situ stabilization and detoxification of arsenic-contaminated soil with high content of calcium

Owing to the high risk of human exposure to arsenic -contaminated soil, reducing its toxicity is essential. This study used the electrokinetic (EK) process with iron -rich electrodes to synchronously achieve the accumulate, stabilize and detoxify soil arsenic. Changes in arsenic valence, leaching toxicity, and microbial communities related to toxicity were comprehensively considered. The results demonstrated that arsenic was mainly transported toward the anode and accumulated by electromigration owing to the negatively charged arsenic anions under EK conditions. The cathode approaching effectively promote arsenic movement to the anode; the largest As(T) transportation rate of 30.61% was achieved near the cathode (S4). The transportation ratio of As(III) was 1.84 times more than that of As(V). The As(III) content and leaching toxicity of soil arsenic in all treatments decreased after applying the EK process. In particular, the anode approaching effectively elevated the average ratios of soil As(III) oxidation and stabilization to 37.88% and 61.73%, respectively. Correspondingly, the total phospholipid fatty acid content increased substantially after EK treatment and showed a pollution stress elimination effect. The electrokinetic effect can essentially cause highly active and easily migrated arsenic to accumulate near the anode and middle sections. The electric field mediated iron mineralization and stabilized arsenic by oxidizing As(III) and reacting with newly formed iron -rich phases (S). Meanwhile, the electric field regulated the form of soil calcium from CaCO3 to CaSO4 and caused calcium -bound arsenic to change to a more stable form. According to these results, in situ stabilization and detoxification of arsenic -contaminated soil can be realized by the EK process, avoiding stabilizer addition and excavation.