Timing of antibiotics in febrile children meeting sepsis criteria at a paediatric emergency department

Objective: Delay in antibiotic administration in paediatric sepsis is associated with increased mortality and prolonged organ dysfunction. This pre-intervention study evaluated performance in paediatric sepsis management. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of febrile children admitted through the ED at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, between 1 May and 31 July 2017. Participants were children aged 29 days to 60 months excluding children with simple febrile seizures, neonates and children who had received intravenous antibiotics elsewhere. We assessed the timing of antibiotic administration in children meeting local sepsis guidelines. We conducted a survey of clinicians in ED in 2018 to describe contributing factors. Results: There were 160 febrile children admitted and 144 presentations were included in the analysis. Male 53% (n = 76); median age 20.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 3.9-37 months). Thirty-seven (26%) febrile children met local sepsis criteria. The median time from triage to first dose of intravenous antibiotic was 109 min (IQR 62183 min). Delay (>60 min) occurred in 26 (76%) children. Reported reasons contributing to delay included high patient load, long waiting times, difficult intravenous access, delayed prescribing, inadequate staffing and difficulty distinguishing between a viral infection and serious bacterial infection. Conclusion: There was frequent delay in administering antibiotics in children meeting local sepsis criteria, more commonly in young infants. Reasons contributing to delay were specific to young children along with departmental factors that will require addressing through targeted quality improvement interventions.