Enhancing performance of nanofluid mini-channel heat sinks through machine learning and multi-objective optimization of operating parameters

The improvement in the performance of power systems in new energy vehicles has posed new demands for the performance of thermal management systems, leading to an increased interest in the applica-tion of nanofluid mini-channel heat sinks. Despite their potential, studying nanofluids is challenging due to the complexity of their preparation. To mitigate the computational and optimization costs, this study proposed a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and machine learning in a multi-objective optimization algorithm for optimizing the operating parameters of nanofluid mini-channel heat sinks. Firstly, a numerical model of the nanofluid mini-channel was developed using the Mixture model to generate the dataset for machine learning models. Secondly, SVR, GPR, and RF models were utilized to establish the mapping relationships between the parameters of the nanofluid mini-channel, including the inputs of the inlet Reynolds number (Re), volume fraction (phi), and heat flow density (q), and the outputs of the pressure drop ( .6.P) and the average temperature of the heating wall (Tave). The results in-dicated that the GPR model was the most suitable, with R2 values of 0.9939 and 0.9985 for Tave and AP, respectively. By employing the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm, the optimal value of phi was determined for different operating conditions, with values of around 3% at low Re and around 2% at high Re.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.