Protocol for a randomised controlled field experiment on the effect of different gamification designs of physical activity

Gamification is finding growing application in the field of physical activity, promising engaging and motivating experiences that foster behavioural change. However, existing empirical work has insufficiently scrutinised whether the reported positive outcomes emerge because of gamification and what type of gamification design leads to optimal results. This protocol for a parallel fourarm randomised controlled field experiment was purposely designed to investigate the effect of different gamification designs on motivation, perceived usefulness, and the intended behavioural change in physical activity (increase in step counts). Participants were randomly assigned to either: 1) a competitive gamified group; 2) a cooperative gamified group; 3) a hybrid (competitivecooperative) gamified group; or 4) a control group. The design of the gamified interventions was guided by gamification design frameworks identified in literature. The data gathered includes: 1) a longitudinal panel dataset of step counts to investigate the causal effect of gamification on physical activity behaviour; and 2) self-reported data to examine the effect of gamification on the users' intrinsic motivation and perceived usefulness of the experience. This protocol outlines the procedure and processes followed during this experiment to facilitate replicability for future studies.