[89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT characterization of indeterminate [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT findings in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer: lesion-based analysis

Background The state-of-the-art method for imaging men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (BCR) is prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with tracers containing short-lived radionuclides, e.g., gallium-68 (Ga-68; half-life: similar to 67.7 min). However, such imaging not infrequently yields indeterminate findings, which remain challenging to characterize. PSMA-targeted tracers labeled with zirconium-89 (Zr-89; half-life: similar to 78.41 h) permit later scanning, which may help in classifying the level of suspiciousness for prostate cancer of lesions previously indeterminate on conventional PSMA-targeted PET/CT. Methods To assess the ability of [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT to characterize such lesions, we retrospectively analyzed altogether 20 lesions that were indeterminate on prior [Ga-68]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, in 15 men with BCR (median prostate-specific antigen: 0.70 ng/mL). The primary endpoint was the lesions' classifications, and secondary endpoints included [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 uptake (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax]), and lesion-to-background ratio (tumor-to-liver ratio of the SUVmax [TLR]). [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 scans were performed 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-injection of 123 +/- 19 MBq of radiotracer, 35 +/- 35 d post-[Ga-68]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Results Altogether, 6/20 previously-indeterminate lesions (30%) were classified as suspicious (positive) for prostate cancer, 14/20 (70%), as non-suspicious (negative). In these two categories, [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 uptake and lesional contrast showed distinctly different patterns. In positive lesions, SUVmax and TLR markedly rose from 1 to 48 h, with SUVmax essentially plateauing at high levels, and TLR further steeply increasing, from 24 to 48 h. In negative lesions, uptake, when present, was very low, and decreasing, while contrast was minimal, from 1 to 48 h. No adverse events or clinically-relevant vital signs changes related to [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT were noted during or similar to 4 weeks after the procedure. Conclusions In men with BCR, [Zr-89]Zr-PSMA-617 PET/CT may help characterize as suspicious or non-suspicious for prostate cancer lesions that were previously indeterminate on [Ga-68]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT.