Identification of a novel TNNI3 synonymous variant causing intron retention in autosomal recessive dilated cardiomyopathy

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy type 2A (DCM2A, MIM: #611880) is a rare autosomal recessive heart disease leading to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. However, the causative role of TNNI3 in DCM2A is still questioned due to few cases reported and the conflicting molecular biological evidence.Methods: Trio whole-exome sequencing (trio-WES) was performed in a Chinese family with dilated cardiomy-opathy. Sanger sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR were used to confirm the variants identified. Expression outcome caused by the synonymous mutation was validated by minigene splicing analyses.Results: The one-year-old girl presented severe left ventricular enlargement and significantly reduced left ven-tricular systolic function and she died of respiratory and heart failure soon after her diagnosis. Trio-WES revealed a compound heterozygous variants of TNNI3, a novel c.24G>A (p.Ala8Ala) (NM_000363.4) in exon 2 and a deletion of entire gene. Minigene splicing analyses showed it led to an intron retention (c.24 + 1_24 + 45ins) by intron 2 cryptic splicing. Conclusions: Our study describes and characterizes a synonymous mutation in TNNI3 gene, supporting the clinical diagnosis of an autosomal recessive DCM. Our study emphasizes the importance of functional analysis to assess the potential pathogenicity of synonymous mutations, especially when the synonymous variants are not annotated as benign.