Dynamics of magnetohydrodynamic and ferrohydrodynamic natural convection flow of ferrofluid inside an enclosure under non-uniform magnetic field

The current study has investigated the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field on heat transfer and entropy generation through the convection flow of ferrofluid filled inside the cavity in the presence of thermal radiation. Consider that magnetohydrodynamics is the result of the applied magnetic field, induced by the Lorentz force, while ferrohydrodynamics is the effect of the Kelvin force, which is associated with the applied magnetic field that affects the magnetized liquid. The highly coupled non-linear governing system of partial differential equations are transformed into the set of non-linear algebraic equations by utilizing the Galerkin finite element method, and the Newton-Raphson method has been used to solve them. Results show that the fluid velocity and entropy generation are decreased via increasing Magnetic number. Intensity of streamlines decreases from 12.407 to 1.004 by increasing Hartmann number from 0 to 5. Velocity and temper-ature profiles increases 31.25% and 48% respectively, by increases concentration of ferroparticles up to 0.05%. The applications of this problem can be found in various heat transfer phenomena through fluid flow and their optimizations, such as in cooling processes of devices, advanced oxida-tion processes for dye removal from textile wastewater, solar collectors, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers.(c) 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).