Graphene-derived composites: a new Frontier in thermoelectric energy conversion

The demand for eco-friendly power from waste heat using thermoelectric materials has gained significant attention in recent years. Graphene and its functional derivatives are among the most promising materials for thermoelectric energy conversion owing to their remarkable electrical and thermal properties, making them a critical topic of investigation in the field of thermoelectric materials. This review focuses on the current scenario of thermoelectric graphene and its derivatives, including the synthesis, characterization, performance, and assessment of several thermoelectric materials based on graphene, such as graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoribbons. This review delves into the emerging field of thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion using composite materials derived from graphene. The authors dissect the novelty of this domain by examining recent breakthroughs and consolidating insights into the design, production, and performance of TE materials incorporating graphene. The unique properties of graphene-based materials are emphasized, along with their innovative applications in conjunction with polymers, inorganics, and hybrid structures. In contrast to previous studies, the authors highlight new research endeavors challenging conventional TE materials and demonstrating unprecedented enhancements in electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and mechanical robustness offered by graphene composites. This article also underscores recent progress in fabricating graphene-organic and graphene-inorganic composites, demonstrating their potential as thermoelectric materials. Diagram depicting the internal structure of various p-type and n-type legs in thermoelectric power generators.