Unraveling the Usage Characteristics of Human Element, Human Factor, and Human Error in Maritime Safety

Human-related issues have become a popular topic in maritime safety research, with an increasing number of relevant research articles being published annually. However, a persistent problem in this field is that three terms, namely "human element", "human factor", and "human error" are used interchangeably in the literature. This issue poses questions regarding the characteristics of their usage; do these three terms have the same meaning? Herein, we conducted systematic research on the three terms by analyzing official information and published research using a collecting-classifying-summarizing policy. The results show that "human error" is easier to identify than "human element" and "human factor", while the latter two terms have intersecting contents. These contents prompt the user to decide which term to choose depending on the situation. Herein, we aim to help scholars accurately distinguish these terms.