Development and validation of a coupled storm surge and wave model for the coast of Shanghai

A two-dimensional storm surge model coupled with Simulating WAves Nearshore mode was proposed. The coupled terms included radiation stress, wave-dependent surface stress and wave-dependent bottom stress. Numerical experiments were designed to analyze the contribution of waves to the storm surge generated by Typhoon Winnie along the coast of Shanghai. The results revealed that the effects of waves were only slightly significant within the shallow estuarine region, contributing 0.19 m to the peak surge height at the four tidal stations averagely. The influence of waves was partly dependent on the topographic and hydrological features, and it was more obvious for the upper Yangtze River. The inclusion of wave-dependent surface wind stress effects with Myrhaug's wind drag formula improved the model results, contributing up to 9.6% to the peak surge rises than Large's wind drag formula.