Lithium Chloride Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via HIF-1α and β-Catenin Signaling Pathways

Lithium is one of the trace elements with many physiological properties, such as being anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory. However, little is known about its effect on milk synthesis during lactation. Therefore, we selected different concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM, and 20 mM) of lithium chloride (LiCl) and assessed the effect of LiCl on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells that underwent 4 days of differentiation induction. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of LiCl on the expression of genes related to milk fat and milk protein synthesis. Herein, LiCl (5-20 mM) significantly increased the expression of beta-casein, promoted mRNA expression and phosphorylated protein expression of the signal transduction molecule and activator of transcription beta (STATS-beta), and inhibited mRNA and protein expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). In contrast, 5 and 10 mM LiCl significantly inhibited expression of SOCS3. LiCl at concentration of 5-20 mM enhanced phosphorylation level of mTOR protein; at 10 mM and 20 mM, LiCl significantly promoted expression and phosphorylation of downstream ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) protein. Considering milk fat synthesis, mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes was considerably increased in the presence of LiCl (5-20 mM). Additionally, increased protein expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) were observed at all LiCl concentrations tested. Subsequently, LiCl (5-20 mM) significantly promoted protein expression and phosphorylation of beta-catenin, while 10 mM and 20 mM of LiCl significantly promoted protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha). Collectively, it has been shown that 10 mM LiCl can effectively activate HIF-1 alpha, beta-catenin, and beta-catenin down-stream signaling pathways. Conversely, at 10 mM, LiCl inhibited SOCS2 and SOCS3 protein expression through JAK2STATS, mTOR, and SREBP1 signaling pathways, improving synthesis of milk protein and fat. Therefore, LiCl can be used as a potential nutrient to regulate milk synthesis in dairy cows.