A framework for simulating snow accumulation and ice accretion on high-speed trains

A simulation framework for three-dimensional particle trajectory tracking, snow accumulation and ice accretion modelling on solid bodies in high-speed air flow is presented. The framework, named HADICE, solves the aerodynamic flow field as Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), with optional hybrid RANS/LES capabilities for modelling complex turbulent flows. Particle trajectory tracking is performed in an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach and wall collision is modelled using a hard collision model with reflect condition and a momentum based trap condition. A novel accurate and robust iterative evaluation method for the local collection efficiency is proposed for arbitrary 3D geometry and flow. Ice accretion is modelled in a multi-step approach and iced geometry is updated through mesh deformation using a radial basis function (RBF) interpolation method. Snow accumulation and ice accretion predictions based on the framework are validated against climatic wind tunnel experimental measurements. A full 3D simulation is demonstrated for snow accumulation and ice accretion on a 1:8 scaled high-speed train model. Using the presented framework, snow accumulation and icing simulation for high-speed trains can be conducted in an accurate and efficient manner, which is of great importance for physical investigations and the design of anti-snow and ice protection systems.