Inflammation-associated ectopic mineralization

Ectopic mineralization refers to the deposition of mineralized complexes in the extracellular matrix of soft tis-sues. Calcific aortic valve disease, vascular calcification, gallstones, kidney stones, and abnormal mineralization in arthritis are common examples of ectopic mineralization. They are debilitating diseases and exhibit excess mortality, disability, and morbidity, which impose on patients with limited social or financial resources. Recent recognition that inflammation plays an important role in ectopic mineralization has attracted the attention of sci-entists from different research fields. In the present review, we summarize the origin of inflammation in ectopic mineralization and different channels whereby inflammation drives the initiation and progression of ectopic min-eralization. The current knowledge of inflammatory milieu in pathological mineralization is reviewed, including how immune cells, pro-inflammatory mediators, and osteogenic signaling pathways induce the osteogenic tran-sition of connective tissue cells, providing nucleating sites and assembly of aberrant minerals. Advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in inflammatory-mediated ectopic mineralization enable novel strategies to be developed that may lead to the resolution of these enervating conditions.