Gender-specific differences in cardiology

Background: Evidence in cardiovascular patient care is currently skewed to the disadvantage of women. This article provides a summary of the current state of knowledge on gender differences with a special focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of the most frequent cardiovascular diseases.Material and methods: Evaluation and discussion of background research and expert recommendations.Results: The necessity for a gender-specific analysis of results is a relatively recent development in clinical trials. There is increasing evidence for pathogenic mechanisms specific for women as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between women and men. Women are currently less likely to receive treatment for cardiac diseases according to medical guidelines than men.Conclusion: For improvement of the treatment options and effective disease prevention, it is pivotal to investigate pathogenetic mechanisms specific to women.