From waste to wealth: a review on valorisation of durian waste as functional food ingredient

Durian is an exotic tropical fruit that can be widely found in Southeast Asia countries. Recent years, it has reached historical value in the market owing to its unique flavour and aroma. In this review, the physicochemical and functional properties of different parts of durian fruits were discussed. Durian fruits have also been widely researched on their nutritional properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides that, the nutraceutical potential of durian fruits were also covered in this review. The by-products of durian fruit such as seeds and peels are discarded as waste by disposing into landfill sites or burning into ash. The slow decomposition at landfill and burning of waste could lead to serious environmental pollution. Hence, the extraction process of durian seeds and their application as a substrate for colouring agent, starch, and flour were reviewed extensively. The potential applications of durian rind was also explored in this review. Insights on the prospects for durian and its by-products reutilization were also briefly described.