The Middle-Upper Eocene benthic foraminifera from north-west Fayoum area, Egypt: Paleoecology and their similarity to the Tethyan provinces

This study deals with the Middle-Late Eocene benthic foraminiferal assemblage from the Um Rigl succession that is exposed in the northwest of Fayoum area, Egypt. Stratigraphically, two rock units are recognized from base to top as the Gehannam Formation and Birket Qarun Formation. The examination of benthic foraminiferal com-munity identifies 63 species belonging to 36 genera, 22 families and four suborders. Their distribution aids to recognize one benthic foraminiferal biozone, Bulimina jacksonensis-Uvegerina jacksonensis Zone. To detect the paleocological conditions that prevailed during the deposition of the studied succession, a quantitative analysis is done on the foraminiferal assemblage, including the number of taxa, the relative abundances of the recorded suborders, calcareous species, agglutinated species and common species. The morphology of benthic forami-niferal tests is strongly associated with their microhabitat preferences. Therefore, the percentages of epifaunal and infaunal species are also calculated to detect the level of oxygenation. Accordingly, two ecozones are established, ecozone 1 represents the Gehannam Formation, whereas ecozone 2 represents the Birket Qarun Formation (excluding the barren zone in the upper part). Ecozone 1 is dominated by calcareous species (90-100%) and infaunal species (38-99%), while epifaunal species range from 2 to 62%. The most abundant taxa are Bolivina, Bulimina, Uvigerina, Nonion and Lenticulina. Therefore, the ecozone 1 was deposited under an inner -outer neritic environment, with normal salinity and eutrophic to mesotrophic conditions. On the other side, ecozone 2 is characterized by changes in the composition of foraminiferal assemblage, where infaunal species dominate the base of this ecozone, followed by a strong decline in the middle part and then increase again in the upper part. Also, a notable increase in epifaunal species is documented in this ecozone. This variation in fora-miniferal assemblage reflects changes in water depth and oxygen content. Consequently, ecozone 2 was deposited under an inner to middle neritic environment, with normal salinity and mesotrophic to oligotrophic conditions. Regarding the paleobiogeographic outline, the results of multivariate analyses indicate that the Egyptian species show a strong similarity to those from the Southern Tethyan Province (Tunisia and Libya), whereas they show a reasonable similarity to the Western Tethyan Province (Spain, Italy, France). This deduction reflects a probable marine connection between both provinces during Eocene.