Complete Primary Pathological Response Following Neoadjuvant Treatment and Radical Resection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Simple Summary Patients diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer are commonly treated with pre-operative chemotherapy and/or chemoradiotherapy. The aim of this study is to describe a unique group of patients treated at a single tertiary institution who had undergone pre-operative chemotherapy and/or chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection and were found to have no residual active cancer with the resected primary tumour site.Abstract Introduction: Neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) for borderline (BD) or locally advanced (LA) primary pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is now a widely adopted approach. We present a case series of patients who have achieved a complete pathological response of the primary tumour on final histology following neoadjuvant chemotherapy +/- chemoradiation and radical surgery. Methods: Patients who underwent radical pancreatic resection following neoadjuvant treatment between March 2006 and March 2023 at a single institution were identified by retrospective case note review of a prospectively maintained database. Results: Ten patients were identified to have a complete primary pathological response (ypT0) on postoperative histology. Before treatment, five patients were considered BD and five were LA according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. All patients underwent staging Computed Tomography (CT) and nine underwent 18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) imaging, with a mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary lesion at 6.14 +/- 1.98 units. All patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and eight received further chemoradiotherapy prior to resection. Mean pre- and post-neoadjuvant treatment serum Ca19-9 was 148.0 +/- 146.3 IU/L and 18.0 +/- 18.7 IU/L, respectively (p = 0.01). The mean duration of NAT was 5.6 +/- 1.7 months. The mean time from completion of NAT to surgery was 13.1 +/- 8.3 weeks. The mean lymph node yield was 21.1 +/- 10.4 nodes, with one patient found to have 1 lymph node involved. All resections were reported to be R0. The mean length of stay was 11.8 +/- 6.2 days. At the time of analysis, one death was reported at 35 months postoperatively. Two cases of recurrence were reported at 16 months (surgical bed) and 33 months (pulmonary). All other patients remain alive and under active surveillance. The current overall survival is 26.6 +/- 20.7 months and counting. Conclusions: Complete primary pathological response is uncommon but possible following neoadjuvant treatment in patients with PDAC. Further work to identify the common denominator within this unique cohort may lead to advances in the therapeutic approach and offer hope for patients diagnosed with borderline or locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.