Structurally Diverse Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids with Antiadipogenic Activity through PPARγ Downregulation from the Embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Seeds

Six undescribed and six known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Their structures were fully characterized by a combination of H-1, C-13 NMR, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS analyses, as well as ECD computational calculations. The antiadipogenic activity of 11 alkaloids was observed in a dose-responsive manner, leading to the suppression of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Luciferase assay and Western blot analysis showed that the active alkaloids downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma, a key antiadipogenic receptor) expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship unveiled that a 1R,1 ' S configuration in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids led to a notable enhancement in antiadipogenic activity. The resistance level against lipid accumulation highlighted a consistent pattern with the suppressive effect on the PPAR gamma expression. These activity results indicate that alkaloids from the embryo of N. nucifera seeds have a potential of antiobesity effects through PPAR gamma downregulation.