Sustainable removal of phenol from wastewater using a biopolymer hydrogel adsorbent comprising crosslinked chitosan and κ-carrageenan

A biopolymer-based adsorbent comprising chitosan (CS) and kappa-carrageenan (kappa-Carr) was synthesised and evaluated to treat phenolic-contaminated water. The developed CS/kappa-Carr hydrogel demonstrated excellent performance with a phenol adsorption uptake of 80 %. The morphologies of CS/kappa-Carr hydrogels with different ratios of CS to kappa-Carr ranging from 1:2 to 7:3 were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy; their chemical structures were investigated by spectral analyses using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry; their adsorption characteristics were determined using tests for swelling, chemical stability, hygroscopic moisture content, and hydrophilicity. Finally, a batch-type evaluation method demonstrated adsorption performance at 25 degrees C and pH 6.9. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic data were successfully obtained using the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The results indicate that one-pot synthesis of an insoluble CS/kappa-Carr hydrogel adsorbent exhibits considerable potential for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions, providing an environmentally friendly technology enhancing the phenol adsorption performance of CS.