Isolation and characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella-specific bacteriophages and their antibacterial efficiency in chicken breast

The use of phages as biocontrol agents against antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella spp. is gaining attention. This study aimed to isolate lytic bac-teriophages specific for multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium; it also evaluated the bactericidal effect of isolated phages (STP-1, STP-2, STP-3, and STP-4) from sewage sample against S. Typhimurium as host strains. Moreover, a current study evaluated the efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail against S. Typhimurium cocktail in chicken breast meat. The 4 phages were classified under the Caudoviri-cetes class by morphology characterization. On host range testing, they exhibited lytic activities against S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Thompson. In the stability test, the phages exhibited resistance to heat (above 70 degrees C for 1 h) and pH (strongly alkaline for 24 h). Additionally, the phages had comparable adsorption rates (approximately 80% adsorption in under 5 min). Additionally, the latent periods ranged from 30 to 50 min, with respective burst sizes of 31, 218, 197, and 218 PFU/CFU. In vitro, bacterial challenge demon-strated that at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, each phage consistently inhibited S. Typhimurium growth at 37 degrees C for 24 h. In the food test, the phage cock-tail (MOI = 1,000) reduced S. Typhimurium in artifi-cially contaminated chicken breast meat stored at 4 degrees C by 0.9 and 1.2 log CFU/g after 1 and 7 d, respectively. The results point toward a promising avenue for addressing the challenge of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium in the food industry through the use of recently discovered phages. Notably, the exploration of phage cocktails holds significant potential for combating S. Typhimurium in chicken breast products in the times ahead.