Optimizing Treatment Strategy for Oligometastases/Oligo-Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer

Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is a prevalent disease, often progressing to metastatic stages. A subgroup of patients displaying oligometastases presents a unique opportunity for extended survival due to the advances in multidisciplinary treatment. The imperative goal is complete metastatic eradication, with surgical resection serving as the standard of care. For patients ineligible for surgery, percutaneous ablation or stereotactic body radiotherapy are viable options. Although clinical trial evidence supports perioperative systemic therapy in improving progression-free survival, consistent enhancement in overall survival is not observed. Consequently, tailored treatment strategies, considering various oncological factors, are essential for patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer. Further prospective trials are crucial to establish a comprehensive framework for defining and optimizing the treatment strategy for oligometastatic colorectal cancer.Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, and nearly half of CRC patients experience metastases. Oligometastatic CRC represents a distinct clinical state characterized by limited metastatic involvement, demonstrating a less aggressive nature and potentially improved survival with multidisciplinary treatment. However, the varied clinical scenarios giving rise to oligometastases necessitate a precise definition, considering primary tumor status and oncological factors, to optimize treatment strategies. This review delineates the concepts of oligometastatic CRC, encompassing oligo-recurrence, where the primary tumor is under control, resulting in a more favorable prognosis. A comprehensive examination of multidisciplinary treatment with local treatments and systemic therapy is provided. The overarching objective in managing oligometastatic CRC is the complete eradication of metastases, offering prospects of a cure. Essential to this management approach are local treatments, with surgical resection serving as the standard of care. Percutaneous ablation and stereotactic body radiotherapy present less invasive alternatives for lesions unsuitable for surgery, demonstrating efficacy in select cases. Perioperative systemic therapy, aiming to control micrometastatic disease and enhance local treatment effectiveness, has shown improvements in progression-free survival through clinical trials. However, the extension of overall survival remains variable. The review emphasizes the need for further prospective trials to establish a cohesive definition and an optimized treatment strategy for oligometastatic CRC.