Contemporary robotic cardiac surgical training

Since the first robotic cardiac operation was performed more than 2 decades ago,1 surgeons have experienced the introduction of several generations of robotic telemanipula-tion technology including multiple technique enhance-ments to include a wider array of cardiac operations and pathologies. There has been an accompanying need to refine education and training to adapt to this clinical and techno-logical evolution. Recognizing the importance of these recent developments, both the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) and The Society of Thoracic Sur-geons (STS) have established postgraduate training fellow-ship awards to address a growing interest in robotic cardiac surgery. The aim of this review is to provide contemporary consensus recommendations to address the unique chal-lenges and opportunities for team-based robotic cardiac training.