Longevous Sodium Metal Anodes with High Areal Capacity Enabled by 3D-Printed Sodiophilic Monoliths

Sodiummetal anode, featured by favorable redox voltageand materialavailability, offers a feasible avenue toward high-energy-densitydevices. However, uneven metal deposition and notorious dendrite proliferationsynchronously hamper its broad application prospects. Here, a three-dimensional(3D) porous hierarchical silver/reduced graphene oxide (Ag/rGO) microlatticeaerogel is devised as a sodiophilic monolith, which is realized bya direct ink writing 3D printing technology. The thus-printed Na@Ag/rGOelectrode retains a durable cycling lifespan over 3100 h at 3.0 mAcm(-2)/1.0 mAh cm(-2), concurrentlyharvesting a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.80%. Impressively,it can be cycled for 340 h at a stringent condition of 6.0 mA cm(-2) with a large areal capacity of 60.0 mAh cm(-2) (similar to 1036.31 mAh g(-1)). Meanwhile, the well-regulatedNa ion flux and uniform deposition kinetics are systematically probedby comprehensive electroanalytical analysis and theoretical simulations.As a result, assembled Na metal full battery delivers a long cyclingsustainability over 500 cycles at 100 mA g(-1) witha low per-cycle decay of 0.85%. The proposed strategy might inspirethe construction of high-capacity Na metal anodes with appealing stability.