The Dilemma of Use of Anticoagulation in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Sinus Rhythm: A Case Report and Literature Review

Heart failure results in significant morbidity and mortality. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF) in the absence of atrial fibrillation has been increasingly considered an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke, partly because of the development of left ventricular thrombus and subsequent cardioembolic stroke and partly because of hemodynamic impairment. Here, we present a case of a 60-yearold male with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, who presented with cardioembolic ischemic stroke. In the investigation to localize the source, he was found to have slow intra-ventricular blood flow, which over shorter periods of follow up lead to the development of left ventricle intra-mural thrombi. Meanwhile, the patient also developed hemorrhagic conversion in the ischemic stroke, which further complicated the choice of anticoagulation. To date, no consensus has been developed on the choice of anticoagulation and clinical criteria for the use of anticoagulation in patients having HfrEF and sinus rhythm. This case brings forth a need for further research on whether anticoagulation would be beneficial in patients with HfrEF and sinus rhythm.