Study on the Fracturing of Rock by High-Speed Water Jet Impact

Due to the opaqueness of rock and the limitation of detection technology, it is impossible to accurately describe the crack growth process and determine the law of rock breakage. Based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics and the finite element method (SPH-FEM), a numerical model for high-speed water jet breaking was established in this work to simulate the fragmentation process of rock impacted by a high-speed water jet, and to study the effects of different jet angles on the propagation of microscopic cracks inside the rock. Additionally, we further analyzed the jet impact angle on the microscopic crack propagation trend of the rock by applying confining pressure to the rock. Theoretical and experimental analyses showed that the inclination angle of the jet determined the direction of axial crack propagation in the tension-type center. When the inclination angle of the jet exceeded 20 degrees, the ability of water jet erosion was insufficient, and the efficiency of rock fragmentation was low. However, in the range of 15 degrees to 20 degrees, the capacity of erosion was strong, lamellar crack propagation was obvious, and rock chip block spalling was easily produced. The impact of the water jet on the rock at varying angles under rock confining pressure will make the crack propagation direction deviate from the direction without confining pressure and gradually become parallel to the rock plane, thereby promoting unilateral crack propagation in the direction of water jet impact, making the rock more likely to produce unilateral rock chip spalling.