[1] Univ Utah, Dept Internal Med, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT USA
[2] VA Salt Lake City Hlth Care Syst, Informat Decis Enhancement & Analyt Sci IDEAS Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT USA
[3] Univ Washington, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Sch Med, Seattle, WA USA
[4] VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Excellence Subst Addict Treatment & Educ CESA, Seattle, WA USA
[5] Birmingham Vet Affairs Hlth Care Syst, Birmingham, AL USA
[6] Heersink UAB Sch Med, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL USA
[7] VA Portland Hlth CareSyst, Ctr Improve Vet Involvement Care CIVIC, Portland, OR USA
[8] Portland State Univ, Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Portland, OR USA
[9] Hampton VA Med Ctr, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil Serv, Sect Pain Med, Hampton, VA USA
[10] VA Ann Arbor Healthcare Syst, VA Ctr Clin Management Res CCMR, Ann Arbor, MI USA
[11] Univ Michigan, Dept Psychiat, Ann Arbor, MI USA
[12] Dept Vet Affairs Pharm Benefits Management Serv, Hines, IL USA
[13] NIDA, Ctr Clin Trials Network CCTN, Bethesda, MD USA
[14] Univ Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare, Med Sch, Minneapolis, MN USA
[15] Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Biomed & Hlth Res Data Sci, Lowell, MA USA
[16] Univ Massachusetts, Miner Sch Comp & Informat Sci, Lowell, MA USA
[17] VA Bedford Healthcare Syst, Ctr Healthcare Org & Implementat Res, Bedford, MA USA