Accurate particulate matter emission measurements from biomass combustion: A holistic evaluation of full and partial flow dilution systems ✩

Accurately measuring particulate matter emissions from biomass combustion is crucial for evaluating the performance of fuels, combustion appliances and flue gas cleaning methods. These measurements are essential for refining emission inventories for health risk assessments and environmental models and for defining pollution control strategies. However, as air quality standards become increasingly stringent and emission levels decrease, it is important to develop reliable, accurate measurement methods. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of two particulate dilution systems, namely a full flow dilution (FFD) tunnel and a two-stage partial flow dilution system (porous tube diluter combined with ejector diluter, PTD + ED), for characterising the particle number size distribution from a wood pellet boiler. The maximum relative sampling errors due to not sampling isokinetically increase with particle size and dilution ratio (DR), but are less than 1% for particles smaller than 1 & mu;m for both systems. The total particle number concentration with FFD is on average 35% lower than with PTD + ED, which suggests substantial particle loss during FFD. In addition with FFD, a strong negative correlation is observed between DR and the average particle size. On the other hand with PTD + ED, both the dilution air temperature and DR have no substantial influence on the particle number emissions. However, it is observed with both systems that the particle distribution is affected by coagulation, and this effect becomes more pronounced as dilution decreases. Overall, this work provides insights into the strengths and limitations of particulate dilution systems for accurately measuring emissions from biomass combustion, which can support the development of more reliable measurement methods and assist in implementing effective pollution control strategies.