A review on the biodiversity and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia

This study was conducted to analyze the biodiversity of mangrove species and fauna in Indonesia as well as the management strategies for its preservation. The results showed that the total number of mangrove species was 240, consisting of 48 true and 192 associated mangrove. This number also comprised 74 trees, 36 shrubs, 52 herbs, six palms, 43 epiphytes, 23 lianas, three ferns, and three parasite species. Aglaia mackiana was identified as a new record in the Papua region attributed to the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC), while Ceriops australis was newly found in regions of Papua, Bali-Nusa Tenggara (Timor, Flores, Sumbawa), Java, and Sumatra (Pulau Bilinton). The diversity of marine fauna in the mangrove area consisted of 125 fish species from 47 families and 169 macrozoobenthos from 52 families. In addition, there were 161 terrestrial faunas, consisting of 80 birds, 38 squamata, four crocodiles, six amphibians, 11 testudinate, and 21 mammal species. This high level of biodiversity was influenced by the commitment of the Indonesian government to managing mangrove ecosystems through conservation. These efforts were carried out to preserve and improve ecosystem services such as mangrove biodiversity, carbon stock potential, coastal protection, and the unique biodiversity of marine and terrestrial fauna. Based on the results, incredibly unique fauna included Crocodilus found in Papua, Kalimantan, Java, and Sumatra region, Halcyon sp. in Papua and Java region, Anhinga sp. in Kalimantan and Java region, as well as Nasalis larvatus in Kalimantan.