Effect of freeze-thaw cycles and biochar coupling on the soil water-soil environment, nitrogen adsorption and N2O emissions in seasonally frozen regions

Freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) usually occur in the nongrowing season of crops, and the temporal mismatch between soil nitrogen (N) supply and crop N utilization increases the risk of N loss. Crop straw burning is a seasonal air pollution source, and biochar provides new alternatives for waste biomass recycling and soil pollution remediation. To investigate the effect of biochar on N loss and N2O emissions under frequent FTCs, different biochar content treatments (0 %, 1 %, 2 %) were set, and laboratory simulated soil column FTC tests were conducted. Based on the Langmuir and Freundlich models, the surface microstructure evolution and N adsorption mechanism of biochar before and after FTCs were analyzed, and the change characteristics of the soil water-soil environment, available N and N2O emissions under the interactive effect of FTCs and biochar were studied. The results showed that FTCs increased the oxygen (O) content by 19.69 % and the N content by 17.75 % and decreased the carbon (C) content by 12.39 % of biochar. The increase in the N adsorption capacity of biochar after FTCs was related to changes in surface structure and chemical properties. Biochar can improve the soil water-soil environment, adsorb available nutrients, and reduce N2O emissions by 35.89 %-46.31 %. The water -filled pore space (WFPS) and urease activity (S-UE) were the main environmental factors determining N2O emissions. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), as substrates of N biochemical reactions, significantly affected N2O emissions. The interaction of biochar content and FTCs in different treatments had significant effects on available N (p < 0.05). The application of biochar is an effective way to reduce N loss and N2O emissions under the action of frequent FTCs. These research results can provide a reference for the rational application of biochar and efficient utilization of soil hydrothermal resources in seasonally frozen soil areas.