Sequestration of strontium, nickel, and cadmium on glomalin-related soil protein: Interfacial behaviors and ecological functions

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is a widespread recalcitrant soil protein complex that promotes the immobilization of metals in soils. Herein, we combined indoor simulation and field investigation to reveal the interfacial behaviors and ecological functions of GRSP to the three typical metals (Sr(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II)). The kinetic and isotherm data sug-gested that GRSP had a strong ability to adsorb the metals, which was closely related to the Hard-Soft-Acid-Base theory and the film diffusion mechanisms. Regarding environmental factors, the higher solution pH was beneficial to the adsorp-tion of the metals onto GRSP, while the adsorption capacity decreased at lower or higher salinity due to the salting-out and Na+ competition effects. Moreover, Sr(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) showed competitive adsorption onto GRSP, which was associated with the spatial site resistance effect. By comparing the retention factors of seven natural and artificial particles, GRSP had elevated distribution coefficients in high metal concentration, while its retention factors showed a relatively lower decrease, suggesting that GRSP had excellent buffer performance for a potential metal pollution emer-gency. Through the continental-scale coastal regions investigation, GRSP sequestered 1.05-3.11 mu mol/g Ni, 0.31-1.49 mu mol/g Sr, and 0.01-0.06 mu mol/g Cd with 0.54-0.91 % of the sediment mass, demonstrating its strong ability to adsorb the metals. Therefore, we advocate that GRSP, as a recalcitrant protein complex, can be considered an effective tool for buffering capacity of metal pollution and environmental capacity within coastal wetlands.