Taste-Odor Association Learning Alters the Dynamics of Intraoral Odor Responses in the Posterior Piriform Cortex of Awake Rats

How an odor is perceived is to a large extent dependent on the context in which that odor is (or has been) ex-perienced. For example, experiencing an odor in mixture with taste during consumption can instill taste qual-ities in the percept of that odor (e.g., vanilla, an odor, has a gustatory quality: sweet). How associative features of odors are encoded in the brain remains unknown, but previous work suggests an important role for ongoing interac-tions between piriform cortex and extraolfactory systems. Here, we tested the hypothesis that piriform cortex dynam-ically encodes taste associations of odors. Rats were trained to associate one of two odors with saccharin; the other odor remained neutral. Before and after training, we tested preferences for the saccharin-associated odor versus the neutral odor, and recorded spiking responses from ensembles of neurons in posterior piriform cortex (pPC) to intraoral delivery of small drops of the same odor solutions. The results show that animals success-fully learned taste-odor associations. At the neural level, single pPC neuron responses to the saccharin-paired odor were selectively altered following conditioning. Altered response patterns appeared after 1 s following stimulus delivery, and successfully discriminated between the two odors. However, firing rate patterns in the late epoch appeared different from firing rates early in the early epoch (,1 s following stimulus delivery). That is, in different response epoch, neurons used different codes to represent the difference between the two odors. The same dynamic coding scheme was observed at the ensemble level.