ECONOMIC AND MEDIA WAR AGAINST SOCIALIST SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF US-CUBAN RELATIONS

This article examines the US's use of sanctions or unilateral coercive measures (economic war) and the US's support for propaganda communicated through its own organised mass media and the supposedly "independent," corporate mass media as well as through social media to instigate anti-government sentiment and action (media war). The US's economic war against Cuba began soon after Cuba's 1959 revolution, although the US's hostile actions as well as desires and efforts to shape Cuban society go back to the 19th century. This economic war has had tremendous negative impact on Cuba's economy and the daily life of Cubans. In terms of the media war, this article focuses on how propaganda distributed through mass, corporate media as well as social media, often paid for by the US government, was directed at misleading Cubans and others, including those in the US, about the situation in Cuba. Such distortions were designed to provoke alienation and anti-government action by Cubans in general and, in more recent years, particular subgroups of artists, musicians, Afro-Cubans, and youth. And while some successes can be noted (specifically the sparking and broadcasting of protests on 11 July 2021), more generally the media war has failed in its goal of regime change. The non-event of 15 November 2021 is a clear example of this.