Indoor Visible Light Positioning Based on Improved Whale Optimization Method With Min-Max Algorithm

Recently, the Min-Max algorithm has been widely used in various indoor positioning systems due to its simplicity and robustness. In this article, an improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) associated with the Min-Max algorithm is proposed to improve the positioning accuracy concerning the original Min-Max algorithm for visible light positioning (VLP) systems. In the proposed algorithm, the three-dimensional (3-D) region of interest (RoI) affiliated with the target node (TN) is first obtained using the original Min-Max algorithm, and then the IWOA is employed to find the accurate position of the TN in the 3-D RoI with the lowest fitness value. In software simulations, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value of the VLP system is 15 dB and the standard deviation of measured distance noise is 1 m. Our software simulation results show that in the case of two-dimensional (2-D) positioning, the averaged positioning error (APE) of the proposed IWOA-Min-Max algorithm is decreased by 84.6%, 52.1%, 1.9%, and 19.93%, respectively, for the original Min-Max algorithm, the extended Min-Max algorithms, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and the least square estimation (LSE). Furthermore, in the case of 3-D positioning, it is also reduced by 81.7%, 75.4%, 8.5%, and 63.9%, respectively, compared with that of the above four existing algorithms. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) results are also provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed IWOA-Min-Max algorithm.